發布時間:2022-05-10
如果家中有一個調皮的“神獸”,家中老小往往會借助智能設備打發時間,然而,智能設備過度使用又使孩子出現更多心理問題,面對這份無名的煩惱,請您不必擔心,因為并不是你一個人經歷著這些心理不適。那么有什么好的家庭活動值得一家老小齊上陣,創建和諧的家庭氛圍呢?

(圖片來自網絡)
正念(mindfulness)是非常值得推薦的活動。正念是指“通過有意地、非判斷地注意當下而升起的覺知” ,可通俗地理解為對當下身心感受的覺知。目前較有影響力的系統化正念訓練包括正念減壓療法(MBSR)和正念認知療法(MBCT)。這些訓練可使個體對不愉悅感受的容納能力有所提升,并擁有更強的自我行為的監控與調解能力,即元認知。最新的科學研究表明,通過正念訓練可以從多個方面改善成人和孩子在新冠肺炎疫情中的心理不適。
成人通過參加為期13天,每天1.5小時的正念訓練,其感知到的與疫情相關心理困擾,軀體癥狀,抑郁癥狀和焦慮癥狀都得到非常顯著的改善。同時,短期正念訓練也能顯著改善新冠疫情相關的失眠問題,使成人處于最佳睡眠狀態。另一方面,針對青少年的縱向追蹤研究表明,青少年通過正念訓練,其心理彈性(resilience)與情緒智力得到顯著提升,從而能更好面對疫情帶來的負面情緒壓力。另外,通過參加線上正念課程還能使青少年在睡眠、情緒調節、執行功能等方面有所提升,從而緩沖的新冠疫情帶來的負面健康影響。因此,正念訓練適合于緩解一家老小的疫情相關心理不適。
更有意思的是,正念訓練能提升家長與孩子的關系,幫助家長更好地面對疫情在家的“神獸”。具體來說,正念訓練使家長得到了更好的睡眠質量和心理能量,從而表現出更好的心理靈活性(flexibility)。這種心理靈活性讓家長能更從容地應對輔導家中娃娃的挑戰。另一方面,正念訓練使家長的焦慮程度降低,從而更有耐心地參與輔導孩子的功課。這種參與性增強能大大提升孩子的學習效率,促進親子互動。也就是說,正念訓練通過提升家長的心理能量、降低焦慮,幫助他們以更靈活與耐心的方式參與孩子的學習活動,從而提升親子關系以及孩子學習效果。
了解了正念訓練帶來的這么多好處,那么應該如何開始,有哪些注意事項呢?最常見的正念練習形式有正念呼吸、身體掃描、正念伸展等,可以跟隨專業正念練習指導音頻進行練習(請見參考文獻)。如果想進一步深入,大家可以搜索相關專業書籍。需要注意的是,以上正念訓練適合于絕大多數人,但正在遭受創傷或患有嚴重心理障礙的患者并不建議自行練習,應該尋求專業門診治療。另外,正念練習是讓大家對此時此刻自己身體與情緒的覺察與接納,包含多種訓練形式。比如,深受我國老年人喜歡的太極拳被學界認定為一種有效的正念訓練。打太極在提高練習者對自己身體覺知的同時,還能提高練習者的運動感知能力 。瑜伽也是較為常見的正念訓練,其對練習者的自主神經系統(autonomic nervous system)有較大益處,能降低靜息心率,增加心率變異性,提高心臟功能。正念舞蹈作為第二代正念訓練方案(SG-MBI),不僅能提高練習者對自己身心狀態的感知,而且還能提高練習者與身處同一空間內不同個體的交流,如群體同步。因此,大家完全可以根據自身興趣及需求選擇適合的方案。接下來,就請大家帶著孩子一起感受正念帶來的安寧與愉悅吧!

(圖片來自網絡)
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作者:中國科學院腦科學與智能技術卓越創新中心 錢浩悅
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